In archaeology, is is not always possible to identify bone fragments. The fragments of a leg bone, a jaw with teeth, portions of a broken skull, what can these pieces, without the rest of the skeleton, tell us about an individual, a group, or an event?
Genealogy is akin to finding bone fragments and trying to put them together in such a fashion as to aid in imagining an individual, a family, in the way they were. African American genealogy is more difficult than most. Even after emancipation, finding records of a family's history, an individuals existence, even, is liking digging up bone fragments and trying to make sense of them. While some families were missed in certain censuses, black families were missed more often. Marriages were more often not recorded, and the same goes for deaths. Cemeteries were less likely to be maintained, graves less likely to have been marked. Families were more likely to be shattered and scattered. Fathers, and sometimes mothers too, sometimes had to work more than a walking distance from where they lived, so did not live with the rest of the family. And while all families, especially poor families, suffered the loss of little children from now preventible diseases and sometimes accidents due to parents working in the fields and children being unattended or underattended (a 7 year old minding the baby and it was eaten by a wild hog...I'm serious), black families lost them even more disproportionately. While a white family of 12 children were lucky if 75 percent of them made it to adulthood, black families were lucky if 25 percent of them made it to adulthood. Life was hard for all, but harder for people of color. I say this not from any source or material, but from my own personal experience of just trying to research them.
In Davidson County, North Carolina there exists a most unusual Family Bible. The Bible was the possession of Neil Nicholson McQueen,who was born in 1848 and who died in 1910. Neil was the youngest of the 9 children of Alexander Marcus "Sandy" McQueen and his wife, Sarah Batten McQueen. Neil was somewhat removed from the rest of the family. He was 25 years younger than his oldest brother and a full 8 years behind the next to the youngest in the family, Sarah Ann. Neil was a menopause baby, an afterthought. He was not a grandchild, as some of these much younger tag-a-longs tended to be. Sandy and Sarah were his parents, they were 49 and 41 when he was born, not so unusual.
| Name: | Neill McQueen |
|---|---|
| Gender: | Male |
| Race: | White |
| Age: | 23 |
| Birth Year: | abt 1850 |
| Marriage Date: | 27 Feb 1873 |
| Marriage Place: | Montgomery, North Carolina, USA |
| Father: | Alexander McQueen |
| Mother: | Sarah McQueen |
| Spouse: | Sarah Isabella McQueen |
| Spouse Gender: | Female |
| Spouse Race: | White |
| Spouse Age: | 18 |
| Spouse Mother: | Mary McQueen |
| Event Type: | Marriage |
Neil remained in his parents home until his marriage on February 27, 1873 to his first cousin once removed, Sarah Isabelle McQueen. Sarah Isabelle's mother, Mary, was the daughter of Malcolm McQueen, Neil's uncle and the brother of Sandy McQueen, Neil's father. Got that?
In his family Bible, Neil had recorded the arrival of his Scottish ancestors to America, the births and deaths of his siblings, and the typical family records that were kept in Bibles, a permanent record, in those days. What made Neil's Bible so unusual, is he recorded his whole family in the Bible.
My last post was on the father of Neil McQueen in a post called "The Sins of Sandy McQueen". You can find it here:
The reader may have read it and asked, "What sins?", as Sandy seemed to live a typical 19th century life as a Scottish-American having arrived to North Carolina as a child. Sandy got drunk a few times and was kicked out of the Baptist Church he had joined. Other than that fraility, he seemed so typical, and he was.
| Name: | Alexander McQueen |
|---|---|
| Event Type: | Burial |
| Death Date: | 1879 |
| Burial Date: | 1879 |
| Burial Place: | Candor, North Carolina, USA |
| Church: | Macedonia Presbyterian Church |
His death was recorded in the Presbyterian Church, at Macedonia.
But other than that, Sandy appeared to be a steadfast family man. But it depends on what you mean by steadfast.
The orignal copy of the Family Bible of Neil N. McQueen is in the possession of Lee and Kenneth Koontz of Lexington. There's a list of family records compiled by Linda Hendrick Smith in 2001.
In the Bible is recorded the names and statistical dates of the children of Sandy and Sarah Batten McQueen:
Elizabeth Ann "Betsy" McQueen was born 30 August 1824 in Montgomery County and died 3 April 1911 in Montgomery County.
James Batten McQueen was born 8 August 1826 in Montgomery County and died 11 March 1855 in Montgomery County.
Daniel Nichelson McQueen was born 2 February 1828 in Montgomery County and died about 1878 in Arkansas.
Mary Jane McQueen was born 12 Jan 1830 in Montgomery County and died 15 March 1912 in Candor, Montgomery County.
John Murdock McQueen was born 11 January 1832 in Montgomery County and died in (unknown year) in the Beaverdam Community of Richmond County, NC
Alexander Marcus McQueen Jr was born 11 September 1834 in Montgomery County, NC and died 24 April 1923 in Pulaski County, Arkansas.
William Butler McQueen was born 5 October 1837 in Montgomery County, and died about 1906 in Drew County, Arkansas.
Sarah Ann McQueen was born 21 May, 1840 in Montgomery County. Her death was not recorded, however she died in Montgomery County in 1938.
Neill Nickelson McQueen was born 3 November 1848 in Montgomery County and died on March 13, 1910 in same.
The unusual part of the Bible is that Neill had also recorded the birth of his half-siblings, 12 mulatto chldren that his father had with 3 women of African decent, before and after the Civil War, women his father had held in slavery and some he had maintained a relationship with, and had impregnated after emancipation. This is one of those facts you can only confront as "it is what it is". All we can do in our current atmosphere, our present theater, is to speculate and our speculation can only derive from our own mindset, and not theirs. We must simply accept fact as fact. Below is the other list of the "lost" children of Alexander Marcus McQueen:
Children with Hannah:
Smithe b 16 April 1843 Montgomery County, NC
Sugoch b 29 August 1861 Montgomery County, NC
Emley b 3 March 1864 Montgomery County, NC
Children with Len (Linda)
Jerry born 12 Nov 1848 Montgomery County, NC
George born 24 April 1852 Montgomery County, NC
Moriah born 10 Mar 1894 " " "
Hampton born 1 November 1857 " " "
Jacob born 20 Feb 1859 " " "
Children with Lea McQueen (notice Lea is the only one whose last name, McQueen, is noted)
Hanner (Hannah) McQuean born 11 May 1861
Abe McQuean born 28 March 1864
Bet McQuean born 1868
Alex McQuean born February 7, 1870 died before 1880 in Montgomery County, NC
Cranford MCQuean born 30 January 1871.
Note: Lea's children are the only ones given a last name, and the spelling was changed from McQueen to McQuean. Why was this? Was this to give them a unique name of their own, or to distance one branch of the family from another? Also, Alex McQuean is the only one whose death is noted at all.
I've looked through many a Family Bible and never encountered one wherein a man listed all of his father's illegitimate children, never-the-less one wherein the children of former slaves had been entered with the father being their former slave master.The closest I've seen are plantation journals sometimes kept by the lady of the house, the Mistress, if not the Master, which kept track of the births and deaths of the enslaved people much in the way of the registrar of a municipality. But, never in a Family Bible.
I wondered, who were these people and what happed to them.
The first group was fairly easy. In 1870, the following family was still living with Sandy and Sally McQueen. "Lends" was 30. In other places, she is seen as Linda. "Mande" is really Hannah if you look at the actual document, and she is 17. "Betsa" is Betsy and she is 4 and "Reed" really says "Bud" and he is 2.
In 1880, we find this family grouping:
Abe, Betsy and Cranford are living with "Lea" McQueen. Right above them is Neil McQueen, who kept the bible, their half-brother and below them is the family of Alexander Butler, his wife, Hannah and an 8 month old baby girl called "M. B.", listed as his step-daughter.
Recall the list in the Bible for Lea was Hannah 1861, Abe 1864, Bet 1868, Alex 1870 and Cranford 1871. So Lea's last child with Sandy McQueen was born after that 1870 census. Alex, or Bud, died as a child, so this is the complete list for her, Abe, Bet and Cranford are living with Lea, next door to Neil McQueen's family and right next to them is the newly married Hannah McQueen Butler, Lea's oldest daugther.
Hannah was married in 1878 to Alex Butler. Here, it states she was 22 in 1878, two years later, she is 19 in 1880. So age was fluid, suffice to say, she was a young woman.
And I discovered who the baby named "M. B." was, their daughter Mary Bell Butler Davis. The step-daughter title may have been incorrect. The above is from the death certificate of Mary Bell.
Then we have this family grouping:
So, yea...
Now, the above enumeration was done in Troy Township on June 5, 1880 by B. F Simmons.
Bet and Cranford are listed as the stepchildren of Gilbert Green, head of household.
The previous 1880 enuneration was conducted just 3 days later on June 8, 1880 in Cheeks Creek Township by Calvin Crunch. That's what it looks like, anyway, Calvin Crunch.
In that one, Abe, Bet and Cranford are living with Lea McQueen and listed as her sons and daughter and she is living next to Hannah and Neil. Abe only appears once in this census, but both Bet and Cranford appear twice at vastly different ages. They're not just one off its 12 and 9, which match the birth years in the Bible, compared to 17 and 16. Captain Crunch was way off on that one.
Now, we do have this fact and document to add in:
In April of 1880, just a few months before the census, Gilbert Green, aged 60, son of Bob and Sukey Green, married Linda McQueen, daughter of Ruffin McQueen, aged 40.
Weren't Lea and Linda two different people?
Lea Len
Hannah Jerry
Abe George
Bet Mariah
Alex Hampton
Cranford Jacob
So which mother belonged to which set of children? I have to look closer into the children for clues.
We've already seen that Hannah McQueen married Alex Butler and on her marriage certificate her mother was listed as "Lee". But the witnesses to the wedding were Neil McQueen (white and youngest son of Sandy McQueen with his wife Sarah Batten McQueen), Hamp McQueen (mixed race and son of Sandy McQueen and "Len" in the Family Bible, and Len McQueen, herself.
So, I might as well go down the list.
Abe has an interesting story and I will give him his own post. He was living still with his father, Sandy McQueen, in 1870 and with Lea, Bet and Cranford in 1880. He was married at least twice, but none of his documents clarify who his mother was.
Betsy or Bet appears in the same households as Abe in 1870 and 1880. I've not yet found anymore mention of her. She may have married after 1880 and changed her name.
Cranford married Cherry Butler. His mother is listed as "Len" on his marriage certificate.
That's the "Lea" list, now over to the "Len" list.
Jerry McQueen was perhaps the most prolific and well- documented of the "bone fragment" children of Alexander McQueen. He was married at least 3 times and fathered a great number of children. He also lived long enough to recieve a death certificate and he lived near to the same area he was born for his entire life.
In both his marriage certificates and his death certificates his mother is listed as "Lindy".
His wives were Mariah Morrison, daughter of Harriett James (who might have been a widow), Clarise McCaskill and Mary Jane Ward.
The documents of the second son, George McQueen is of no help. He was married a few times, but the names of his parents were totally omitted. He died in 1910, so no help there either.
Mariah McQueen married Robert Green, the son of Gilbert Green (who would marry 'Linda" McQueen). On her marriage certificate, her mother's name is 'Len'.
Hampton McQueen, born in 1857, married Odelia Blue (and perhaps Hannah McCollum, too, but probably in just a 'relationship' with her), also identified his mother as "Lindy".
The youngest child listed in the Bible under "Len" was Jacob McQueen. He also lists his mother as "Lendy".
As for the woman, Hannah, in the Bible as the mother of Smithe, Sugoch and Emely, there are several women named Hannah in the 1870 and 1880 census records of Montgomery County of the proper age and race to be Hannah, but none named McQueen. I also find no record of her children, but it's also important to note that no last name is given for them, unlike the children of Len (Lindy).
I was able to trace of few of the lost children of Sandy McQueen and will tell of them in further posts.
Neil McQueen was indeed, an unusual man. He not only recorded his white, full siblings in his family bible, but also recognized his half-siblings, the dozen children his father sired with 3 enslaved women, before and after emancipation.
Children with Hannah:
Smithe b 16 April 1843 Montgomery County, NC
Sugoch b 29 August 1861 Montgomery County, NC
Emley b 3 March 1864 Montgomery County, NC
Children with Len (Linda)
Jerry born 12 Nov 1848 Montgomery County, NC
George born 24 April 1852 Montgomery County, NC
Moriah born 10 Mar 1894 " " "
Hampton born 1 November 1857 " " "
Jacob born 20 Feb 1859 " " "
Children with Lea McQueen (notice Lea is the only one whose last name, McQueen, is noted)
Hanner (Hannah) McQuean born 11 May 1861
Abe McQuean born 28 March 1864
Bet McQuean born 1868
Alex McQuean born February 7, 1870 died before 1880 in Montgomery County, NC
Cranford MCQuean born 30 January 1871.
Note: Lea's children are the only ones given a last name, and the spelling was changed from McQueen to McQuean. Why was this? Was this to give them a unique name of their own, or to distance one branch of the family from another? Also, Alex McQuean is the only one whose death is noted at all.
I've looked through many a Family Bible and never encountered one wherein a man listed all of his father's illegitimate children, never-the-less one wherein the children of former slaves had been entered with the father being their former slave master.The closest I've seen are plantation journals sometimes kept by the lady of the house, the Mistress, if not the Master, which kept track of the births and deaths of the enslaved people much in the way of the registrar of a municipality. But, never in a Family Bible.
I wondered, who were these people and what happed to them.
| Name: | Lends Mclucia | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in 1870: | 30 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Birth Year: | abt 1840 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Birthplace: | North Carolina | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Dwelling Number: | 114 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Home in 1870: | Troy, Montgomery, North Carolina | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Race: | Black | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Gender: | Female | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Post Office: | Troy | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Occupation: | Domestic | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cannot Read: | Y | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cannot Write: | Y | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Household Members: |
|
The first group was fairly easy. In 1870, the following family was still living with Sandy and Sally McQueen. "Lends" was 30. In other places, she is seen as Linda. "Mande" is really Hannah if you look at the actual document, and she is 17. "Betsa" is Betsy and she is 4 and "Reed" really says "Bud" and he is 2.
In 1880, we find this family grouping:
| Name: | Lea Mcquean | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age: | 57 | ||||||||||
| Birth Date: | Abt 1823 | ||||||||||
| Birthplace: | North Carolina | ||||||||||
| Home in 1880: | Troy, Montgomery, North Carolina, USA | ||||||||||
| Dwelling Number: | 81 | ||||||||||
| Race: | Black | ||||||||||
| Gender: | Female | ||||||||||
| Relation to Head of House: | Self (Head) | ||||||||||
| Marital status: | Married | ||||||||||
| Father's Birthplace: | North Carolina | ||||||||||
| Mother's Birthplace: | North Carolina | ||||||||||
| Occupation: | Laborer | ||||||||||
| Cannot Read: | Yes | ||||||||||
| Cannot Write: | Yes | ||||||||||
| Neighbors: | |||||||||||
| Household Members: |
|
Abe, Betsy and Cranford are living with "Lea" McQueen. Right above them is Neil McQueen, who kept the bible, their half-brother and below them is the family of Alexander Butler, his wife, Hannah and an 8 month old baby girl called "M. B.", listed as his step-daughter.
| Name: | Hannah Butter | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age: | 19 | ||||||||
| Birth Date: | Abt 1861 | ||||||||
| Birthplace: | North Carolina | ||||||||
| Home in 1880: | Troy, Montgomery, North Carolina, USA | ||||||||
| Dwelling Number: | 82 | ||||||||
| Race: | Mulatto | ||||||||
| Gender: | Female | ||||||||
| Relation to Head of House: | Wife | ||||||||
| Marital status: | Married | ||||||||
| Spouse's name: | Alexander Butter | ||||||||
| Father's Birthplace: | North Carolina | ||||||||
| Mother's Birthplace: | North Carolina | ||||||||
| Occupation: | Laborer | ||||||||
| Cannot Write: | Yes | ||||||||
| Neighbors: | |||||||||
| Household Members: |
|
Recall the list in the Bible for Lea was Hannah 1861, Abe 1864, Bet 1868, Alex 1870 and Cranford 1871. So Lea's last child with Sandy McQueen was born after that 1870 census. Alex, or Bud, died as a child, so this is the complete list for her, Abe, Bet and Cranford are living with Lea, next door to Neil McQueen's family and right next to them is the newly married Hannah McQueen Butler, Lea's oldest daugther.
| Name: | Hannah McQueen |
|---|---|
| Gender: | Female |
| Race: | Colored (Black) |
| Age: | 22 |
| Birth Year: | abt 1856 |
| Marriage Date: | 5 May 1878 |
| Marriage Place: | Montgomery, North Carolina, USA |
| Mother: | Lee McQueen |
| Spouse: | Alex Butler |
| Spouse Gender: | Male |
| Spouse Race: | Colored (Black) |
| Spouse Age: | 21 |
| Event Type: | Marriage |
Hannah was married in 1878 to Alex Butler. Here, it states she was 22 in 1878, two years later, she is 19 in 1880. So age was fluid, suffice to say, she was a young woman.
| Name: | Hannah Mcqueen |
|---|---|
| Gender: | Female |
| Spouse: | Alex Butler |
| Child: | Mary Belle Davis |
And I discovered who the baby named "M. B." was, their daughter Mary Bell Butler Davis. The step-daughter title may have been incorrect. The above is from the death certificate of Mary Bell.
Then we have this family grouping:
| Name: | Cranford Mc Queen | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age: | 16 | ||||||||||
| Birth Date: | Abt 1864 | ||||||||||
| Birthplace: | North Carolina | ||||||||||
| Home in 1880: | Cheeks Creek, Montgomery, North Carolina, USA | ||||||||||
| Dwelling Number: | 26 | ||||||||||
| Race: | Mulatto | ||||||||||
| Gender: | Male | ||||||||||
| Relation to Head of House: | Stepson | ||||||||||
| Marital status: | Single | ||||||||||
| Father's Birthplace: | North Carolina | ||||||||||
| Mother's name: | Lendy Green | ||||||||||
| Mother's Birthplace: | North Carolina | ||||||||||
| Neighbors: | |||||||||||
| Household Members: |
|
So, yea...
Now, the above enumeration was done in Troy Township on June 5, 1880 by B. F Simmons.
Bet and Cranford are listed as the stepchildren of Gilbert Green, head of household.
The previous 1880 enuneration was conducted just 3 days later on June 8, 1880 in Cheeks Creek Township by Calvin Crunch. That's what it looks like, anyway, Calvin Crunch.
In that one, Abe, Bet and Cranford are living with Lea McQueen and listed as her sons and daughter and she is living next to Hannah and Neil. Abe only appears once in this census, but both Bet and Cranford appear twice at vastly different ages. They're not just one off its 12 and 9, which match the birth years in the Bible, compared to 17 and 16. Captain Crunch was way off on that one.
Now, we do have this fact and document to add in:
| Name: | Gilbert Green |
|---|---|
| Gender: | Male |
| Race: | Colored (Black) |
| Age: | 60 |
| Birth Year: | abt 1820 |
| Marriage Date: | 27 Apr 1880 |
| Marriage Place: | Montgomery, North Carolina, USA |
| Father: | Bob Green |
| Mother: | Suckey Green |
| Spouse: | Linda McQueen |
| Spouse Gender: | Female |
| Spouse Race: | Colored (Black) |
| Spouse Age: | 40 |
| Spouse Father: | Ruffin McQueen |
| Event Type: | Marriage |
In April of 1880, just a few months before the census, Gilbert Green, aged 60, son of Bob and Sukey Green, married Linda McQueen, daughter of Ruffin McQueen, aged 40.
Weren't Lea and Linda two different people?
Lea Len
Hannah Jerry
Abe George
Bet Mariah
Alex Hampton
Cranford Jacob
So which mother belonged to which set of children? I have to look closer into the children for clues.
We've already seen that Hannah McQueen married Alex Butler and on her marriage certificate her mother was listed as "Lee". But the witnesses to the wedding were Neil McQueen (white and youngest son of Sandy McQueen with his wife Sarah Batten McQueen), Hamp McQueen (mixed race and son of Sandy McQueen and "Len" in the Family Bible, and Len McQueen, herself.
So, I might as well go down the list.
Abe has an interesting story and I will give him his own post. He was living still with his father, Sandy McQueen, in 1870 and with Lea, Bet and Cranford in 1880. He was married at least twice, but none of his documents clarify who his mother was.
Betsy or Bet appears in the same households as Abe in 1870 and 1880. I've not yet found anymore mention of her. She may have married after 1880 and changed her name.
Cranford married Cherry Butler. His mother is listed as "Len" on his marriage certificate.
| Name: | Cranford McQueen |
|---|---|
| Gender: | Male |
| Race: | Colored (Black) |
| Age: | 21 |
| Birth Year: | abt 1867 |
| Marriage Date: | 1 Dec 1888 |
| Marriage Place: | Montgomery, North Carolina, USA |
| Mother: | Lin McQueen |
| Spouse: | Cherry Butler |
| Spouse Gender: | Female |
| Spouse Race: | Colored (Black) |
| Spouse Age: | 20 |
| Spouse Father: | Daniel Butler |
| Spouse Mother: | Millie Butler |
| Event Type: | Marriage |
That's the "Lea" list, now over to the "Len" list.
Jerry McQueen was perhaps the most prolific and well- documented of the "bone fragment" children of Alexander McQueen. He was married at least 3 times and fathered a great number of children. He also lived long enough to recieve a death certificate and he lived near to the same area he was born for his entire life.
In both his marriage certificates and his death certificates his mother is listed as "Lindy".
His wives were Mariah Morrison, daughter of Harriett James (who might have been a widow), Clarise McCaskill and Mary Jane Ward.
The documents of the second son, George McQueen is of no help. He was married a few times, but the names of his parents were totally omitted. He died in 1910, so no help there either.
| Name: | Mariah McQueen |
|---|---|
| Gender: | Female |
| Race: | Colored (Black) |
| Age: | 25 |
| Birth Year: | abt 1853 |
| Marriage Date: | 2 May 1878 |
| Marriage Place: | Montgomery, North Carolina, USA |
| Mother: | Len McQueen |
| Spouse: | Robert Green |
| Spouse Gender: | Male |
| Spouse Race: | Colored (Black) |
| Spouse Age: | 21 |
| Spouse Father: | Gilbert Green |
| Spouse Mother: | Jincy Green |
| Event Type: | Marriage |
Mariah McQueen married Robert Green, the son of Gilbert Green (who would marry 'Linda" McQueen). On her marriage certificate, her mother's name is 'Len'.
Hampton McQueen, born in 1857, married Odelia Blue (and perhaps Hannah McCollum, too, but probably in just a 'relationship' with her), also identified his mother as "Lindy".
The youngest child listed in the Bible under "Len" was Jacob McQueen. He also lists his mother as "Lendy".
As for the woman, Hannah, in the Bible as the mother of Smithe, Sugoch and Emely, there are several women named Hannah in the 1870 and 1880 census records of Montgomery County of the proper age and race to be Hannah, but none named McQueen. I also find no record of her children, but it's also important to note that no last name is given for them, unlike the children of Len (Lindy).
I was able to trace of few of the lost children of Sandy McQueen and will tell of them in further posts.
Neil McQueen was indeed, an unusual man. He not only recorded his white, full siblings in his family bible, but also recognized his half-siblings, the dozen children his father sired with 3 enslaved women, before and after emancipation.
| Gender: | Female | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race: | Black | ||||||
| Age: | 19 | ||||||
| Birth Date: | 1831 | ||||||
| Residence Date: | 1850 | ||||||
| Residence Place: | Montgomery, North Carolina, USA | ||||||
| Name of Slave Owner: | Alexr Mc quean | ||||||
| All Enslaved People: |
|
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